The extent to which any microorganism is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganisms present, the virulence and potency of the microorganisms, the ability of the microorganisms to enter the body, the susceptibility of the host, and the ability of the microorganisms to live in the host’s body. The chain of infection is made up of six links: The most common causative microorganisms for pneumonia include Staphylococcus aureus (inadequate hand hygiene), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species (improper suctioning technique). The most common bloodstream microorganisms include coagulase-negative staphylococci (inadequate hand hygiene), Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species (improper intravenous fluid, tubing, and site care technique). The most common microorganisms in surgical sites include Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA (inadequate hand hygiene), Enterococcus species including vancomycin-resistant strains (improper dressing change technique), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most common microorganisms in the urinary tract include Escherichia coli (improper catheterization technique), Enterococcus species (contamination of closed drainage system), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (inadequate hand hygiene). Nosocomial infections are classified as infections that originate in the hospital, and is a subgroup of health care associated infections or HAIs. A chronic infection may occur slowly, over a very long period, and ,ay last months or years. Acute infections generally appear suddenly or last a short time. When bacteremia results in systemic infection, it is referred to as septicemia, which has become common over time. When a culture of a person’s blood reveals microorganisms, the condition is called bacteremia. If the microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body, the infection is a systemic infection. A local infection is limited to a specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain. Infection occurs when newly introduced or resident microorganisms succeed in invading a part of the body where the host’s defense mechanisms are ineffective and the pathogen causes tissue damage. Parasites live on other living organisms they include protozoa such as the one that causes malaria, helminths (worms), and arthropods (mites, fleas, ticks). Fungi includes yeast and molds Candida albicans is a yeast considered to be normal flora in the human vagina. Viruses consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells in order to reproduce common virus families include rhinoviruses (causes the common cold), hepatitis, herpes, and human immunodeficency virus. bacteria are by far the most common infection-causing microorganisms several hundred species can cause disease in humans and can live and be transported through air, water, food, soil, body tissues and fluids, and inanimate objects. Sepsis is the condition in which acute organ dysfunction occurs secondary to infection.įour major categories of microorganisms cause infection in humans: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. #Infection control and medical asepsis freeSurgical asepsis, or sterile technique, refers to those practices that keep an area or an object free of all microorganisms it includes practices that destroys microorganisms and spores. Medical asepsis includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms. Asepsis is the freedom from disease causing microorganism aseptic technique is used to decrease the possibility of transferring microorganisms from one place to another. Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease thus, a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease. Microorganisms vary in their virulence or their ability to produce disease, the severity of the diseases they produce, and their degree of communicability. A detectable alteration in normal tissue function is called disease. If the microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease, the infection is called asymptomatic or subclinical. such a microorganism is called an infectious agent, or the source, a germ, a virus or other microbes. Infection is the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found. Learn about infection control in this guide for nurses. As such, the ones directly involved in providing a biologically safe environment are none other than the nurses. many organisms are harmless, others are lethal, some are a normal part of our body. Microorganisms exist everywhere: in water, in soil, and on body surfaces such as the skin, intestinal tract, and other areas open to the outside such as our mouth, upper respiratory tract, vagina, and lower urinary tract.
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